May 29, 2015 ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Evaluation of ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing. Since its discovery in 1976, ebola virus ebov has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in africa. Apr 16, 2014 download pdf in the ongoing outbreak of ebola virus disease in the west african country guinea, 120 suspected and confirmed cases have been reported, with a fatality rate of 60% who, 1 april. Frontiers animal models for ebola and marburg virus. Until 202014, most ebov vaccine candidates were stalled between the preclinical and clinical milestones on the path to licensure, because of funding problems, lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies, and competing priorities in public health. Ebola virus is filamentous, enveloped measuring 800nm length and 80 nm in diameter which have. The symptoms start between 2 nd day to 3 weeks, and include fever 101 degree f, sore throat, fatigue, weakness, vomitting, chest pain, muscle and joint pain, headache, abdominal pain, shortness of breath. Between march 2014 and november 2015, 28 000 ebola cases and over 11 000 deaths had occurred in west africa in what has been by far the worst outbreak of this disease that has ever arisen. Department of microbiology, kuvempu university, shankaraghatta, shivamogga. Laboratory diagnosis of ebola virus disease plays a critical role in outbreak response efforts. Ebola virus disease ebola hemorrhagic fever first appeared in 1976 with two. The first drug used experimentally against ebola virus disease was an agent called zmapp developed in the tobacco plant nicotiana benthamiana in the bioproduction process known as pharming. Most antibodies used for ebola virus treatment originate from convalescent donors or highly immunized animals.
Determining the virus reservoir will not only help answer questions about how the virus emerges, but also help local and international public health workers to be more prepared and aware of future epidemic risks. Ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months of the. Ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. The capsid is cylindrical or rod shaped, with the genome fitting just inside the length of the capsid.
The main goals currently being addressed with ebola virus are finding ways of treatment for ebola hemorrhagic fever and finding safe and effective vaccines for the virus that can be applied to humans. Ebola virus disease pan american health organization. Host specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms involved in resistance to and recovery from virus infections. Essentials of medical microbiology surinder kumar pdf free download direct link. This lesson looks at the life cycle of the ebola virus as well as possible therapeutic targets that could prevent the disease.
Diagnostic strategies for ebola virus detection the. Although ehf and mhf are endemic to subsaharan africa. Download burtons microbiology for the health sciences pdf book free online 11th edition from burtons microbiology for the health sciences pdf. Ebola virus is very large, which can make it very difficult to enter using the classic clathrin endocytosis pathway 1. The 202015 west african epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in ebola s history, presented an enormous international public health. Following viral internalization into endosomes, host cysteine proteases cleave the ebov fusion glycoprotein gp to unmask the binding site for its intracellular receptor, the cholesterol transporter niemannpick c1.
Zaire ebolavirus ebov, sudan ebolavirus sudv, reston. Ebola is a rare, often deadly virus that causes a severe illness called hemorrhagic fever. Serinearginine protein kinase 1 regulates ebola virus. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease evd is associated with haemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with a high rate of fatality up to 90%. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Molecular genetics and microbiology of zaire ebolavirus. On 23 march 2014, the world health organization issued its first communique on a new outbreak of ebola virus disease evd, which began in december 20 in guinee forestiere forested guinea, the eastern sector of the republic of guinea. Potential universal ebola vaccine may neutralize all four. The ebola virus infection may have started as a disease within nonhuman primates, initially termed as green monkey fever, in order to maintain the fine balance between the number of nonhuman primates and resources available. The essentials of medical microbiology apurba sankar sastry focuses on providing a good foundation in clinically important concepts and principles of microbiology. Essentials of medical microbiology pdf free download. Sep 05, 2014 the algorithm for detection of ebola virus nucleic acid in a clinical specimen indicates the steps required to consider a case as.
Clinical microbiology made ridiculously simple 7th edition pdf free download. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola. Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. The ebola virus infection may have started as a disease within nonhuman primates, initially termed as green monkey fever, in. This manual discusses management of ebola virus disease outbreaks from a practical point of view. A systematic screen of fdaapproved drugs was performed to identify compounds with in vitro antiviral activities against ebola virus ebov.
Ebola virus disease evd pan american health organization. Direct visualization of ebola virus fusion triggering in. This outbreak was marked by gastrointestinal clinical presentation, although the most common symptoms for ebola virus disease are fever with anorexia, asthenia, and maculopapular rash 5 to 7 days after disease onset. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Multiorgan dysfunction occurs in severe forms with a mortality up to 90%.
Who interim manual ebola and marburg virus disease epidemics. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. In this part of the article, you will be able to access the essentials of medical microbiology pdf instantly by using or direct links mentioned at the end of this article. Located on the atlantic coast of west africa, guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of evd has occurred, leaving. Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via tra.
Ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. The incubation period for ebola virus disease ranges from two to. Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fevers ehf and mhf are caused by the filoviridae family, ebolavirus and marburgvirus ebolavirus and marburgvirus, respectively. Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in. Named after a river in the congowhere it was first found oftenfataldisease in humans andnonhuman primates monkeys,gorillas, and chimpanzees has appeared sporadically sinceits initial recognition in 1976 mortality rate can reach 90%. If an approved vaccine could be developed for ebola virus, it would save many people from the painful effects of ebola hemorrhagic fever. Zoonotic diseases and special pathogens, national microbiology. Ebola virus has an infectious dose of fewer than 10 organisms and a blood virus concentration in excess of 10e8 viral particles per milliliter, and a blood droplet theoretically would be sufficient to cause infection.
It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. Topics include screening, isolation, personal protection equipment and waste management during disease outbreaks. Ebola epidemic and public health response british medical. Guinea and liberia, the first nations affected by the outbreak, have put in place measures to contain the spread, supported by international organizations. Monolayers of several cell types have successfully been used. Laboratory diagnosis of ebola virus disease 2 samples can be stored at room temperature for up to 24 hours. Reston ebolavirus restv causes disease in nonhuman primates but is not pathogenic to humans. The procedure has real potential for future research, although it is less sensitive than indirect fluorescentantibody and mouse inoculation tests. Because the ebola virus is so hazardous, it is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent the level assigned to the most dangerous agents known. Both viral diseases are considered to be epidemic, and much attention is given to research based on these by the world health organization. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe. Safety considerations in the laboratory testing of. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before. Latest and hot medical microbiology topics such as influenza a virus subtype h1n1, ebola virus, multidrug resistant bacteria and polio virus eradication have been incorporated in this edition.
Ebola virus disease a manual for evd management marta. Compounds active 50% viral inhibition and ebola is a viral hemorrhagic fever that is caused by ebola virus, with bat being the natural reservoir of the virus. Essentials of medical microbiology apurba sankar sastry pdf. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune. Antigenic comparisons of the new virus isolates and marburg demonstrated that while there was crossreactivity between the sudan and zaire viruses, they were distinct from marburg virus, and the new isolates were designated ebola virus ebov after a river near the outbreak site in zaire 5. Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic. Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. A novel filovirus, lloviu virus, which is genetically distinct from ebolavirus and marburgvirus, was recently. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. Plaque assay for ebola virus journal of clinical microbiology. In order to provide healthcare workers in risk areas with a working tool to.
Ebola virus baylor college of medicine houston, texas. Download pdf in the ongoing outbreak of ebola virus disease in the west african country guinea, 120 suspected and confirmed cases have been reported, with a. Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization. The ebola virus epidemic burst in west africa in late 20, started in guinea, reached in a few months an alarming diffusion, actually involving several countries liberia, sierra leone, nigeria, senegal, and mali. Jacob, in the travel and tropical medicine manual fifth edition, 2017. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. A helical capsid forms the shape of tobacco mosaic virus tmv, a naked helical virus, and ebola virus, an enveloped helical virus. Structure, genome, epidemiology, transmission, replication, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. Essentials of medical microbiology pdf free download direct. Nov 30, 2018 a second study reported the immediate laboratory response deployed in the equateur province of the democratic republic of the congo after a new outbreak of ebola virus disease was declared on 8. This fully updated eleventh edition of burtons microbiology for the health sciences remains the only microbiology text written specifically for the allied healthnursing introductory microbiology course as outlined by the american society. Ebola virus ebola virus ebov is considered to be one of the most belligerent contagious agents and has an ability to cause highly fatal hemorrhagic fever syndrome that results in human and nonhuman primates death nhps during the days of exposure. These laboratories have substantially reduced the burden on medical professionals by providing onsite diagnostics.
Pdf microbiology is the study of microorganismsbiological entities too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Studies have shown that ebola virus has an enriched amount of phosphatidylserine ps on its surface 1. Ebola virus disease 202014 outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus is a highly virulent pathogen capable of inducing a frequently lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The ebola virus has caused many casualties in recent years. Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology, 2015. Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic methodologies have. The 2014 outbreak of evd in west africa, caused by ebola virus zaire ebolavirus. These severe diseases have high mortality rates in humans. It is suspected that because of its size, ebola is taken up through cellular micropinocytosis 1. Virology is the study of viruses, complexes of nucleic acids and proteins that have the capacity for replication in animal, plant and bacterial cells. Ebola virus ebov causes a severe and often fatal disease for which no approved vaccines or antivirals are currently available.
Ebola virus is a class a bioterrorism agent, known to cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fever. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. Vaccine trials therefore can provide a valuable source of therapeutic antibodies. Isolation of ebola virus and other hemorrhagic fever viruses in culture is a highrisk procedure and should be performed only in bsl4 facilities, such as are available at the cdc. Of the 2 870 marburg and ebola cases documented between june 1967 and june 2011, 270 9% were healthcare workers. As until the diagnosis of evd is ruled out, no microbiology. Download clinical microbiology made ridiculously simple 7th. The largest outbreak of ebola virus disease began in guinea in december 20 and was caused by the zaire ebolavirus footnote 14. To replicate themselves, viruses usurp functions of the host cells on which they are parasites. Marburg virus disease emergence 19671975 the ebola virus has characteristics that are very similar to another virus from filoviridae family of viruses called the marburg virus. Jul 06, 2018 important sections such as immunology and virology have gone significate update and thus they reflect latest trends in medical microbiology. The diseases caused by herpes simplex types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, varicellazoster virus, epsteinbarr virus and other herpes types. Although the new vaccine uses glycoproteins from two ebola virus species, singh said it might work. Infection with the virus can damage blood vessels, affect multiple organs e.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for ebola virus infection. Microbiology of ebola virus disease european centre for. The difference between ebola and marburg is related to its genome and slight genetic variations seen between the two organisms. Of these, two tested positive for ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr on 7 may 2018, and the outbreak was officially declared on 8 may 2018. Ebola virus disease formerly called ebola hemorrhagic. The epidemic of ebola haemorrhagic fever now called ebola virus disease ob served in 2014 in west africa. Ebola or marburg virus disease outbreaks constitute a major public health issue in subsaharan africa. Since ebola virus was first identified more than 30 years ago, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this virus.
Ebola virus has been cultured from specimens such as serum or postmortem tissues. Ebola virus ebov makes extensive and intricate use of host factors in the cellular endosomallysosomal pathway to release its genome into the cytoplasm and initiate infection. Airborne transmission of ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola drug effective against key enzyme of coronavirus. The biggest outbreak on record is the 202016 epidemic in west africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Microbiologyvirologyimmunologybacteriologyparasitology. This virus was first described in summer of 1967 when an outbreak of unknown disease occurred in germany and yugoslavia. The west african ebola virus ebov epidemic has fasttracked countermeasures for this rare, emerging zoonotic pathogen.
Ebov vp30 has been described as a viral phosphoprotein, and nonphosphorylated vp30 is essential and sufficient to support secondary transcription in an ebovspecific minigenome system. Ebola virus is filamentous, enveloped measuring 800nm length and 80 nm in diameter which have negative sense, single stranded rna genome. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Essentials of medical microbiology surinder kumar pdf free. The index case in this outbreak has not yet been identified and epidemiologic investigations are ongoing, including laboratory testing. For almost 50 years, ebolaviruses and related filoviruses have been repeatedly reemerging across the vast equatorial belt of the african continent to cause epidemics of highly fatal hemorrhagic fever. The filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are amongst the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. Some outbreaks in human history have proven the lethality. Viruses vary in the shape of their capsids, which can be either helical, polyhedral, or complex. Mobile laboratories for highly dangerous pathogens were deployed in west africa during the 201416 outbreak of ebola virus disease.
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